Syllabus of Higher Secondary
Standard - 11 & 12
(Science Stream - English Medium)
Implemented From June - 2004 in Standard - 11,
Implemented From June - 2005 in Standard - 12

Syllabus of Higher Secondary
Standard - 11 & 12
(Science Stream - English Medium)
Implemented From June - 2004 in Standard - 11,
Implemented From June - 2005 in Standard - 12

Biology (056)

UNIT : 1 LIVING WORLD
Biology and its branches; relationships with other sciences; scientific methods in biology; historical break throughs; scope of biology and career options; characters of living organisms (metabolism, transfer of energy at molecular level, open and closed system), homeostasis, growth and reproduction, adaptation, survival, death)

Unit : 2 Diversity of life
Variety of living organisms, systematics, need, history and types of classifications (artificial, natural, phylogenetic); Two kingdom system, five kingdom system their merits and demerits, status of bacteria and virus; botanical gardens and herbaria, zoological parks and museums.

• plant classification - salient features of various plant groups; phanerogams – classification of angiosperms up to series level (bentham - and hooker's systam) 

• Animal classification salient features of nonchordates up to phylum level and chordates up to class level.

Unit : 3 Cell and Cell division
Cell as a basic unit of life, discovery of cell, cell theory. Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell; Unicelluoar and multicellular organisms tools and techniques (compound microscope, electron microscope, cell fractionation); ultra structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell - cell wall, cell membrane, unit membrane concept (fluid mosaic model); membrane transport, cellular movement (exocytosis, endocytosis)

• Cell organelles and their functions-nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, Lysosomes, microtubules, centriole, vacuole, cytoskeleton, cilia and flagella, ribosomes. 

• Molecules of cell; In organic and organic materials - water, salt, mineral ions, carbohydrates, lipids, Amino acid, Protein, Nucleotides, Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

• Cell cycle - significance of cell division, amitosis, mitosis and meiosis

Unit : 4 Genetics

• Continuity of life - heredity, variation, mendel's laws of inheritance; chromosomal basis of inheritance; other patterns of inheritance - incomplete dominance, epistasis, multiple allelism.

• Chromosomes - bacterial cell and eukaryotic cell; parallelism between ganes; and ehromosomes; genome, lin9kage and crossing over; gene mapping, recombination; sex chromosomes; sex determination; sex linked inheritance; mutation and structural chromosomal aberrations. Human genetics - methos of study, genetic disorders.

• DNA as a genetic material - its structure and replication; structure of RNA and its role in protein synthesis; gene expression - transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotic; Regulation of gene expression, induction and repression – Housekeeping genes; nuclear basis of differentiation and development; oncogenes. 

• Basics of Recombinant DNA technology; cloning; gene bank; DNA finger-printing; genomics - principles and its applications, transgenic plants, animals and microbes.

Unit : 5 Morphology of Plants and Animals

• Morphology - root, stem and lead, their structure and modifications; Inflorescence, flower, fruit, seed and their types;

• Description of following families; Liliaceae, Solanaceae

• Internal structure of plants - Tissues (meristematic and permanent); anatomy of root, stem and leaf of monocot and dicot. 

• Morphology of animals - Salient features of earth worm, cockroch, frog and rat; 

• Tissue systems structure and function of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous.

PRACTICAL

1. Study of parts of compound microscope.

2. Study of motosis in onion root tip and animal cell of grasshopper (Locust).

3. Study of meriosis in onion floral buds and testis of grasshopper. (Locust)

4. Study of cyclosis in leaf cell of hydrilla or Tradescatia and in Paramoecium.

5. Study of cell wall components (cellulose, lignin, suberin and mucilage)

6. To study mitochondria by staining with Jenus green.

7. To study chemical test of sugar, starch, lipid and protein.

8. Study of plant specimens and identification with reasons.
   -Bacteria, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra, Rhizopus, Mush room/bracket fungi yeast, Usnea, Riccia, Moss, Fern, pinus or cycus, Maize, Sunflower.

9. Study of characters of animal - specimens and identification with reasons.
   -Amoeba, Sponge, Hydra, Liver Fluke, Ascaris, Leech, Earthworm, Prawn, Silkworm, Spder, Honey bee, Snail, Starfish, Shark, Frog, Lizard, Pegion, Rabbit.

10. Study of analysis of seed samples for mendelian ratios.

11. Study of different modifications in root, stem and leaf.

12. Study of different types of inflorescence.

13. Study of structure of following flowers sun flower, Pea, Mustard, Petunia, Onion, Wheat, Paddy.

14. Study of plant tissues from prepared slides.
    -Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Xylem, Phloem.

15. Study of transverse section of monocot and dicot root and stem.

16. Study of animal tissues through temporary or permanent slides.
    -Squamose epithelium, muscle fibres.
    -Nerve fibres, mammalian blood cells.

17. Study of external and internal body-structure of earthworm, cockroach, Frog and rat by models.

Standard 12
BIOLOGY

Unit : 6 Physiology of Plants

-Cell as a functional unit, Composition of protoplasm; water relations; Absorption and conduction (Diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis, permeability, water potential, absorption) 
Theories of ascent of sap - root pressure, suction force transpiration - importance. 
Factors affecting rate o transpiration; mechanism of stomatal opening and closing; (Potassium ion theory); factors affecting movement of guard cells.
-Mineral absorption - functions of mineral elements; essential major elements and trace elements; deficiency symphoms of elements; theories of translocation; translocation of solutes; Nitrogen metabolism, Nitrogen metabolism with emphasis on biological nitrogen fixation.
-Photosynthesis - signifcance; site of photosynthesis (functional importance of chlorophyll structure) photochemical and bio synthetic phases. Electron transport system;
Photo phosphorylation (cyclic and noncyclic)
C3 and C4 metabolic pathway; photo respiration, factors affecting - photosynthesis; mode of nutrition (Autotrophic, heterotrophic, saprophytic, parasitic and insectivorous plants) chemosynthetic nutrition.

Unit : 7 Physiology of Animals

• Nutrition and its types; nutrients food and vitamins; digestive system of invertebrate (Cockroach)
  Digestive system and digestion process in humans (ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, formation of faecal matter, defecation) (Intra cellular and extra cellular); role of enzymes and hormones in digestion.
  Malnutrition and under nutrition; disorder related to nutrition.

• Gaseous exchange in animals (Earthworm, Cockroach)
  - Respiration in humans; respiratory organs; mechanism of respiration.
  - Breathing and its regulation; transport of gases through blood; common respiratory disorders, prevention and cure.

• Circulation of body Fluids - Open circulatory system in coc kroach; closed circulatory system in humans; Blood and its composition and beating process; pulmonary and systemic circulation; Heart beat and pulse; rhythmicity of heart, beat. 
  Blood related disorders - Hypertention, atheroma, and arteriosclerosis; 
  ECG - Pace maker; lymphatic system; immunity, immune system. 

• Elimination of nitrogenous excretory substances - Amnotelism, Ureotelism, Urecotelism Excretory system of cockroach and humans Composition and formation of urine.
  - Role of kidney in osmoregulation, Kidney failure; dialysis, Kidney-transplantation, Role of ADH, role of skin and lungs.

• Locomotion and movements -
  - Human skeleton, axial and appendicular, Cranium and cage bones; Joints and their types Bone, Cartilage and their disorders (Carthritis, osteoporosis) Mechanism of muscle contraction.

• Nervous system of Cockroach and humans.
  - Human nervous system; structure and function of brain and spinalcord, conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; Sensory organs - -structure and function of eye, ear, nose, tongue.

• Human endocrine system - Hormones and their functions; hormonal regulation and diseases; hormones as neurotransmitters and regulators; Hypothelamo – hypophysial axis, feed back controls.

Unit : 8 Reproduction, Growth and Development

• Modes of reproduction in flowering plants; vegetative propagation (natural and artificial); significance of vegetative progagation; sexual reproduction; development of. male and female gametophyte, Pollination (types and factors); Double fertilization, incompatibility, embryo development, parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy.

• Characters of plant growth, growth regulators (phytohormones) Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, ethylene, ABA, Seed germination - mechanism and factors; role of growth regulators in domancy of seeds; senescence, abscission. Plant movement, geotropism, phototropism, turgor growth movements, (tropics, nastic, and nutation) Flowering, Photoperiodism, Vernalization

  • Sexual and asexual reproduction in animals in general. Male and female reproductive system of humans; reproductive cycle in human, oogenesis, fertilization - physical and chemical events.

  • Embryonic development up to three germinal layers and their derivatives. Embryonic membranes, General aspect of placenta.

  • Cellular growth Growth rate, growth map, growth - regulation and hormones; Mechanism and types of- regeneration. Ageing - cellular and extra cellular changes;
    principles of ageing.

Unit : 9 Ecology and Environment

• Organism and their environment; factors - Air, Water, Soil, temperature, light, biota; range of tolerance; ecological adaptations 

• Levels of organisation - Structure and functions, productivity, energy flow, ecological efficiencies; decomposition and nutrient cycling; major biomes - forests, grass lands and deserts.

• ecological succession - types and mechanism; Natural resources types and resources. Environment pollution - kinds, sources and abatement of air, water soil and noise pollution.

• Global environmental changes, green-house effects; global warming; sea level rise and ozone layer depletion. Living resources - Terrestrial, marine and other aquatic resources; biodiversity - benefits and evaluation, threats.

• Endangered species, extinctions, conservation of biodiversity (biosphere reserves and other protected areas) National and international efforts both governmental and non governmental; environmental ethics and legislation.

Unit : 10 Biology and Human Welfare

• Population, environment and development; Population growth and factors (Vitality, mortality, immigration, emigration, age and sex ratio)
  Impact of population growth; Reproductive health; common problems of adolescence; social and moral implications; mental and addictive disorders; population as a resource.

• Food production, Hybridization, improved varieties, biofertilizers plant tissue culture and its applications; crop and animal diseases; biopesticides; genetically modified food; biowar; biopiracy, biopatent, biotechnology and sustainable agriculture.

• Recent research in vaccines, organ transplantation, immune disorders; modern techniques in diseases diagnosis; AIDS, STD, Cancer (types, causes, diagnosis, remedy) Biotechnology in therapeutics - hormones, interferon and immuno modulations.

PRACTICAL

1. Study of osmosis by potato osmometer.

2. Study of plasmolysis in peels in isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions using sodium chloride and potassium chloride.

3. Study of endosmosis in dry grapes.

4. Study of distribution of stomata on upper and lawer surfaces of leaves.

5. Comparative study of rate of transpiration from upper and lawer surfaces of leaves.

6. Study of effect of calcium (Ca++) Sodium (Na++), and potassium (K+), ions on opening & closing of stomata.

7. Study of effect of heat, temperature, chemicals on plant root and other tissues by leaching of pigments.

8. Study of microbes in T. S. of root nodules.

9. To study the presence of carbohydrates, starch, fat and proteins in rice/wheat/gram/potato.

10. Study of plant pigments by paper chromatography.

11. Study of effect of light intensity, light - quality, CO 2 Concentration on photosynthesis with wilmount Bubbler.

12. Study of respitation in floral buds/leaf tissues or germinating seeds.

13. Study of rate of transpiration in difference - substrates.

14. Study of growth of pollen tubes.

15. Identification, observation and note on arranged physiological experiments.
    (i) Seed germination
    (ii) Breaking of seed dormancy
    (iii) Effect of cytokinins on ageing.

16. Study of effect of salivary amylase on starch

17. Study of effect of PHI temperature and alcohol on salivary amylase.

18. Analysis of nutrients in different types of food (child food, milk and others)

19. To count various types of blood cells under microscope.

20. Detection of Urea in urine.

21. To detect the presence of sugar in Urine.

22. To test the presence of bile salts in Urine.

23. To test the presence of albumin in Urine.

24. Study of blood sugar in the blood sample.

25. Study of plant population (density and frequency) by quadrate method.

26. Study of pollutants in water.

27. Study of pollutants in air.

28. Study of physical properties of -different soil samples.

29. Study of chemical properties including PH of different soil samples.

30. Study of moiture in given samples of soil.

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