Syllabus of Higher Secondary
Standard - 11 & 12
(Science Stream - English Medium)
Implemented From June - 2004 in Standard - 11,
Implemented From June - 2005 in Standard - 12

Syllabus of Higher Secondary
Standard - 11 & 12
(Science Stream - English Medium)
Implemented From June - 2004 in Standard - 11,
Implemented From June - 2005 in Standard - 12

Chemistry (052)

UNIT - 1 Atomic Structure and chemical bonding

• Dual nature of matter and radiation,

• De-broglie relation, Uncertainty principle

• Wave mechanical treatment of hydrogen atom (elementary)

• Wave functions and quantum numbers.

• Atomic orbitals and their shapes, spin quantum number, electronic configuration and atoms, molecular orbital method (Homonuclear diatomic molecules only)

• Concept of bond order, metallic bond (simple qualitative treatment w.r.t. bond theory)

• Hybridisation involving s,p and d-orbitals, intermolecular forces.

UNIT - 2 The solid state :

• Space lattie, unit cells, cubic crystal system, close packing structure in crystal, x-rays studies of crystals, structure of simple ionic compounds (Mx and Mx 2 type only)

• Imperfaction in solid substances, properties of solids (electrical, magnetic and dielectric) Amorphous solids (elementary idea only)

UNIT - 3 Solution

• Units of concentration, solubility of gases, solubility of solids, vapour pressure of a solution, colligative properties - Relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression in freezing point and osmotic pressure.

• Methods of determination of molecular mass. Abnormal molecular mass.

UNIT - 4 Thermodynamics

• First law (brief), second law of thermodynamies, Entropy (criterion of spontaneous and non-spontaneous process), Gibb's free energy (law of spontaniety). standard entropies and free energy of formation. Free energy change and chemical equilibrium. Free energy change and - non-mechanical work. Third law of thermodynamies (brief).

UNIT - 5 Electrochemistry

• Electrolytic and galvanic cell, electrolysis and its laws. Electronic conduction - conductance, conductivity, Molar conductivity, kolharausch's law and its application. Galvanic cells m Electrode potential, electromotive force, Nernst's equation, electrode potential and electrolysis. Primary and secondary cells including fuel cells. Corrosion and its prevention (stop). Commercial production of chemicals m examples only. manufacture of NaOH, Na, Al, Cl₂  and F₂.

UNIT - 6 Chemical Kinetics : ,

• Average and instantaneous rate of a reaction. Rate expression and order of a reaction. Integrated rate expressions of zero and first order reactions and their, derivations.

• Half life period, determination of rate constant/order of reaction (graphical method and ostwald isolation method)

• Temperature dependence of rate constant - Arrhenius equation. Activation energy. Mechanism of reaction - elementary and complex reactions. Reactions involving two-three steps only.

UNIT - 7 Surgace chemistry

• Adsorption - physical and chemical adsorption.

• Factors affecting adsorption - effect of pressure (Freundlich and lungmuir isotherm) and effect of temperature (qualitative only).

• Catalysis - enzymes, zeolites, colloids.

• Distinction between true solution, colloids and suspensions.

• Classificatin based on dripersion medium and dispersed phase. Types of colloids - Lyophillic and lyophobc. Multimolecular, Macromolecular and associated colloids (miscelles). Methods of preparation of colloids and their properties.

• Emulsions - Types of emulsions oil/water and water/oil emulsifiers.

UNIT - 8 Group elements

• Group 13 elements : Introduction, occurrence and uses. Atomic and physical properties. oxidation state. Trends in chemical reactivity.

• Aluminium : Extraction from bauxite. Reactions of aluminium with acid and alkali.

• Group 14 elements : Introduction, occurrence and uses.. Atomic and physical properties. Oxidation state. Trends in chemical reactivity.
  Forms of silicaes : uses and structures, silicates (preliminary treatment). Silicones : structures and uses. Tin and lead : extraction, halides and oxides (preparation, properties and uses)

• Group 15 elements Introduction, occurrence and uses. Atomic and physical properties, oxidation states. Trends in chemical reactivity. Hydrides, oxides and halides. Production of phosphorous - allotropes. phosphine : Preparation and structure. Pcl₃, Pcl₅, P₄0₁₀ and oxy acids of phosphorous (structure only)

• Group 16 elements Introduction, occurrence and uses. Atomic and physical properties. Oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity. Some important compounds : oxides, oxy acids, Hydrides and halides (Structure and properties) Sulphur : Production, allotropes, Oxides, Sulphuric acid - manufacture and uses.

• Group 17 elements : Introduction, occurrence and uses. Atomic and physical properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity. Hydrides, oxides and oxy acids of chlorine.
  Bleaching powder - preparation and properties. Inter halogen compounds - types, formulae and shapes (Ax, Ax₃, Ax₅, Ax₇ )

• Group 18 elements Introduction, isolation and uses. Atomic and physical properties.
  compounds of xenon-xenon fluorides, oxides and oxy acids (preparation, structure and reaction with water)

UNIT - 9 d- and f-block elements

• d-block elements : Electronic configuration and characteristics of transition elements. General trends in the chemistry of first row transition elements (Metallic character, IE, electrode potential, oxidation state, ionic radi, catalytic properties, coloured ions, formation of complexes, magnetic properties (Fe, Co, Ni), Interstitial compounds, alloy formation.

• Occurrence and principles of extraction : Fe, Cu, Ag, Zn and Hg steel and some important alloys.

• Compounds : Preparation and properties of CuSO₄, AgNO₃, silver and mercury halides, K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄.

• Photography : Chemistry of developing, fixing and printing.

• f-block elements : Lanthan ides- i ntrod uction , oxidation state, chemical reactivity, Lanthanide contraction and uses.

• Actinides : Introduction, electronic configuration, brief comparison with lanthanides.

UNIT - 10 Coordination compounds

• Coordination Compound's introduction, ligands and coordination number. IUPAC nomenclature and formula (quantitative idea only)

• Idea of stability of coordination compounds. (idea of stability constant of coordination compounds)

• Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems (chloropyull, vitamin B₁₂ and haemoglobin)

UNIT - 11 Nuclear Chemistry

• Natural and artificial radioactivity, nuclear reactions, artificial transmutation of elements.
  Nuclear energy-Nuclear fission and fusion, Nuclear reactors, Radioactive isotopes and their uses. Half life period, radiochernical dating, synthetic elements including transactinides. (elementary idea only)

UNIT - 12 Stereo chemistry :

• Isomerism and recapitulation of geometrical isomerism and confirmations.

• Optical activity use of polarimeter in determination the principle, specific rotation.

• Chirality : Chiral objects
  asymmetric carbon, compounds containing one chiral centre. enantiomers, D-L and R-S nomenclature, recemic mixture, recernisation. compounds containing two chiral centres. Diastereoisomers, mesoform, resolution, importance of stereochemistry.

UNIT - 13 Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen :

• Alcohols and phenols : Electronic structure of functional groups, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical reactions - mechanism of dehydration of alcohols, acidity of phenol, reactivity of phenol in electrophillic substitution.

• Ethers : electronic structure of functional group, nomenclature, important methods of preparation. Physical properties, chemical reactions. Some industrially important compounds.

UNIT - 14 Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen :

• Aldehydes and ketones : Electronic structure of carbonyl group, Nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical reactions - reactivity of aldehyde and ketonic groups, acidity of a-hydrogen, aldol condensation, cross aldol condensation, cannizzarro reaction, Mechanism of nucleophillic addition reaction with C=O group.

• Carboxylic acid : Elecronic structure of carbory group, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical reactions, effect of substitution on (x-carbon based on acetic reactivity. Mechanism of esterification.

• Derivative of carboxylic acid : Electronic structure of acid chloride, acid anhydride, ester and amide groups, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, comparative reactivity of derivatives, some industrially important compounds.

UNIT - 15 Organic compounds with functional group containing nitrogen :

• Nitro compounds : Electronic structure of nitro group, nomenclature, important method of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.

• Amine compounds : Electronic structure of primary, secondary and tertiary amine group, nomenclature, important method of preparation, physical properties, basic character of amine, chemical reactions, separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

• Diazoniurn salt Preparation and chemical reactions of benzene diazonium chloride, importance of diazonium salt in sythetic organic chemistry.

• Cyanide and isocyanide compounds : electronic structure of cyanide and isocyanide group, nomenclature, preparation, physical properaties and chemical reactions, some imdustrially important compounds.

UNIT - 16 Polymers

• Classification of polymers, General method of polymerization addition and condesnation, free radical, cationic and aniionic polymerisation, copolymerisation, natural rubber, vulcanization of rubber, synthetic rubbers. (examples of monomer only) condensation polymer, molecular mass of polymers (highlightening level of complexity only), Bio polymers, and biodegradable polymers, some industrially important polymers.

UNIT - 17 Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates : classification, monosacharides, structures of pentoses and hexoses. anomeric carbon, mutarotation, simple chemical reactions of glucose,
  disaccharides : reducing and non reducing sugars-sucrose, maltose and lactose, polysaccharides : elementary idea of structures of starch and cellulose.

• Proteins : a-amino Acids : peptide bond, polypeptides, primary structure of protein, simple idea of secondary and tertiary structures of protein, denaturation of proteins and enzymes.

• Nucleic acids : Types of nucleic acid, primary building blocks of nucleic acids (simple chemical composition of DNA and RNA). Primary structure of DNA and its double helix, replication, transcription and protein synthesis.

• Lipids : Classification, structure, functions in biosystems.

• Hormones : Classification, Structure and functions in biosystems.

• Vitamins : Classification, functions of vitamins in biosynthesis.

UNIT - 18 Chemistry in every day life

• Chemicals in medicine and health-care
  Analgesics, Tranquilisers, qutiseptics, disinfectants, anti- microbials , anti-fertilility drugs, antihistamines, antibiotics, antacids (chemical name only)

• Dyes Classification with examples - indigo, methyl orange, aniline yellow, alizarine, malachite green.

• Chemicals in cosmetics Creams, perfumes, talcum powder, deodorants. (chemical neames only)

• Advanced substanes : Carbon fibres, ceramics, micro alloys

• Chemicals in food : preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, antioxidants, and edible collours (chemical names only)

• Detergents : Classification - some important examples.

• Insect repellants : Pheromones, sex attractants.

• Rocket propellents : Characteristics, useful chemicals.

PRACTICALS
Semester - III

1. Preparation of any one of following double salt and its crystallization.
   Ferrous ammonium sulphate or Porash alum.

2. This is to be included in theoretical text book.

3. This is to be included in theoretical text book.

4. The effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and iodine solution. (volumetric method)

5. This is to be included in theoretical text book.

6. This is to be included in theoretical text book.

7. The determination of concentration in terms of normality, molarity and grams/litre of KMnO₄/K₂CrO₇ solutions by using solution of standard normality of oxalic acid / Potassium Oxalate / Ferrous ammonium sulphate.

8. This is to be included in theoretical text book.

Semester IV

1. Inorganic Qualitative analysis
   Detection of positive ion and negative ion in aqueous solution of soluble unknown inorgane solute.
   -Positive ions
   Pb²⁺, Cu², Sn², Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Na⁺
   Negative ions :
   CL^-, CO₃ ^2-, Br^-, L^-, PO₄ ^2-, Cr₂O₇ ^2-, SO₄ ^2-, NO₃ ^-

2. This should be included in theoretical text book.

3. To detect unknow organic substance.
   - Substance containing the groups - Carboxyl, phenolic, Aldehyde, ketone, ester, Alcohol, Amine, Amide, Nitro, Hydrocarbon containing halogen, unsaturated hydro carbon and aromatic hydrocarbon.

4. Preparation of any one orgonic substance of following. Acetanilide, lodoform or 2A6 - Tribromoauiline or 2,4,6 - Tribromophenol.

5. It should be included in theoretical text book.

6. It should be included in theoretical text book.

7. Note of practical syllabus :

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