Syllabus of Higher Secondary
Standard - 11 & 12
(Science Stream - English Medium)
Implemented From June - 2004 in Standard - 11,
Implemented From June - 2005 in Standard - 12
Chemistry (052)
Unit - 1 Some basic concepts of
chemistry :-
Importance of studying chemistry, physical
quantities and their s.1 units, dimensional analysis precision and
significant figures, classification of matter laws of chemical
combination, Dalton's atomic theory, mole concept, atomic, molecular and
molar masses. Percentage composition and molecular formula,
stoichiometry of chemical reactions.
Unit - 2 States of matter
Gaseous State : Measurable properties of
gases, the gas laws, ideal gas equation, kinetic molecular theory,
deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour; liquefaction of gases,
critical temperature and its importance.
Liquid state : Measurable properties of
liquids, qualitative description of vapour pressure, surface tension
and viscosity.
Solid state : Classification of solids
based on different binding forces.
Unit - 3 : Atomic structure
-
Fundamental particles, Rutherford Model
of an atom, Nature of electromagnetic radiation, emission spectrum of
hydrogen atom, :concept of energy levels (orbits).
-
Drawbacks (weaknesses) of Bohr's model,
modern concept of structure of atom (elementary idea only) concept of
orbits and orbitals, main four quantum numbers, electronic configuration
of elements, Aufbau Principle, Pauli's principle, Hund's rule.
Unit - 4 Classification of elements
and periodicity in properties
-
The need of classification of
elements, the significance of (i) Mendeleev's periodic law (ii) Atomic
number and periodic taw, present (modern) form of the periodic table.
The IUPAC nomenclature for the elements with Z >100, electronic
configuration of the elements and periodic table.
-
Types of elements : s, p, d and f
block elements, periodic thrends in properties; Ionization energy,
electron affinity, atomic radii, valency..
Unit - 5 Fist law of thermodynamics
and chemical energetic:
-
Some basic concepts : Types of
systems, surrounding, types of processes, intensive and extensive
properties, state functions, irreversible process. Zeroth Law and First
Law of thermodynamics, internal energy, Enthalpy work, heat capacity,
specific heat capacity, molar heat capacity, enthalpy changes during
phase transitions, enthalpy change in chemical reactions, standard
enthalpy of formation, Hess's law of constant heat summation, bond
enthalpy, Measurement of enthalpy of
reactions, energy of combustion reactions, source of energy. Sun as
primary source of energy, alternative sources of energy.
Unit-6 : Chemical bounding and molecular
structure
-
Kossel - Lewis approach of bomnding, ionic bond lattice structure and
energy. Born-Haber cycle, covalent bond - Lewis
structure of covalent bond, resonance structures, geometry of molecules,
VSEPR model, polarity of bond, electro negativity, valence bond approach,
concept of resonance, directional properties of bond, Hybridization SP,
SP2, SP3, qualitative approach.
Unit - 7 Equilibrium reactions and
equilibria.
-
Dynamic nature, of equilibrium, equilibrium
in, physical processes, equilibrium, in chemical reactions, law of
chemical equilibrium, derivation of relationship between Kp and Kc, Le
chatelier's principle.
Unit - 8 : Equilibrium - II :
Inonic equilibrium in solutions.
-
Equilibria involving inos, various
concepts of acids and bases - Arrhenius, Bronsted
-
Lowry and Lewis, dissociation of acids
and bases, acid-base equilibrium, ionization of water. PH scale,
hydrolysis of salts, calculations of PH of salt solutions,
acid-base titration using indicators, solubility equilibrium and
solubility product, Common ion effect, elementary idea of buffer
solutions.
Unit - 9 : Redox reactions
-
Odixation and Reduction, Electron
transfer concept, redox reactions in aqueous solutions, oxidation
number, balancing of chemical equations in redox reactions by oxidation
number method and ion-electron method or half-reaction
method, simple idea of electrode potential, stoichiometry of redox
reactions in solutions.
SEMESTER - II
Unit - 10 : Principles and processes
of extraction of elements.
-
Modes of occurrence, Chemical
Principles underlying concentration of ores, reduction oxidation (electronation,
de-electronation), refing of metals.
Unit - 11 : Hydrogen :
-
Unique position in periodic Table,
Occurrence, isotpes, dihydrogen - preparation (including
commercial preparation) properties, reactions and uses.
-
Hydride - molecular, saline and
iterstitial water : Structure and aggregation of water molecules
(physical and chemical properties) hard and soft water, water softner,
heavy water, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen economy, use of liquid hydrogen
as a fuel.
Unit - 12 : S-block Elements :
-
General introduction of s-block
elements abundance occurrence, anomalous properties of the first
elements in each group, directional relationship of entire groups
(diagonal relationship)
-
Alkali metals : Occurrence, electronic
configuration, trends in atomic and physical properties (JE, atomic and
inonic radiil), reactivity and electrode potential, reactions with
oxygen, hydrogen, halogen and liquid ammonia. Basic properties of oxides
and hydroxides, halides. Li and Na-Occurrence, extraction,
Properties and uses, Na2, C03
-
Alkaline earth metals :,Occurrence,
electronic configuration, trends in atomic and physical properties (IE,
atomic and inonic radil) reactivity and electrode potential, reactions
with non metals, oxides, hydroxides and halides. Solubility and thermal
stability of oxosalts.
-
Magnesium - Occurrence, extraction,
properties and uses compounds of alkaline earth metals like CaO, Ca(OH)2,
Industrial uses of lime and lime stone, cement.
Unit - 13 : Some Plock elements :
-
Boron : Occurrence, isolation. physical and
chemical properties, borax, boric acid, boron hydride, halides,
(Elementary idea of boranens, diborance and borates) uses of boron and
its compounds.
-
Carbon : Terrestrial abundance and
distribution, allotropes like graphite, diamond, and fullerences
elementary idea only). Atomic and physical properties, Chemical
properties, oxides, carbides, halides, sulphides, uses of carbon.
-
Nitrogen : Terrestrial abundance and
distribution dinitrogen, isolation., atomic and physical properties,
chemical reacitivty, Fixation of nitrogen industrial and biological.
-
Ammonia : Industrial preparation, Haber's
process only. Important properties and reactions.
-
Oxides of nitrogen : Preparation,
Structures (Skeetal only) pp-pp
bonding. Nitric acid, industrial production (Ostwald process). Uses of
nitrogen and its compounds.
-
Oxygen : Terrestrial abundance and
distribution, dioxygen - Isolation, atomic and physical properties, chemical reactivity, acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides.
-
Ozone : Preparation, structure and some
oxidizing properties.
Unit - 14 : Organic chemistry - some basic preinciples.
-
Tetravalency of carbon, hybridization, s
and p (Pi) bond, shapes of simple molecules.
Functionla groups:
-C = C,> C = C > and functional groups containing
halogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur, homologous series, isomerism
(structural only). General introduction to naming the organic compounds
- trivial names and IUPAC nomenclature, Illustration With simple
examples. Electronic displacement in a covalent bond, inductive effect, electrometric
effect, resonance and hyper conjugation, Fission of a
covalent bond; free radicals, electrophiles, nucleophiles, carbocations
and carbanious.
-
Common types of organic reactions :
substitution, addition, elemination and rearrangement reactions,
illustration with examples.
Unit - 15: Hydrocarbons
-
Classification of hydrocarbons, alkanes
and cycloalkanes -.lUPAC nomenclature, conformations of alkanes
and cyploalkanes (Ethane, propane, butane and cyclohexane), 3D
structures and 2D projections (Sawhorse and Newmann)
-
Alkenes and Alkynes : Nomenclature,
geometrical isomerism in alkenes, stability of alkenes, general methods
of preparation, physical properties, chemical reactions -
reactivity, mechanism of electrophillic addition, reactions in alkenes,
Markovnikoff's rule, peroxide effect, acidic characteristics of alkynes,
polymerization reactions - dienes, concept of delocatlization of
electrons, addition reaction reaction, in dienes (1 1 2 and 1, 4
addition)
-
Aromatic hydrocarbons :
-
Benzene and its homologues, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature sources of aormatic hydrocarbons, (Coal and
petroleum) structure of benzene, resonance, delocalisation, concept of
aromaticity - an elementary idea. Chemical reactions of benzane,
mechanism of electrophillic substitution, reactions, directive effect of
substituents and their effect on reactivity, polynuclear hydrocarbons
and their toxicity, o6ly reactions of toluene.
-
Petroleum and petrochemicals:
-
Compostion of curde Oil, fractionation,
uses of different fractions, quality of gasoline, LPG and CNG. Cracking
and reforming, petrochemicals.
Unit - 16: Purification and
Characterisation of carbon compounds.
-
Purification of carbon compounds,
filtration, Crystallisation, Sublimation, distillation, differential
extraction, chromatography.
-
Qualitative analysis : Detection of
nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogen (basic principles only).
-
Determination of molecular mass :-
Silver salt method, chloroplatinate salt method, use of mass
spectrometer for determining accurate molecular mass (elementary idea
only), Calculations of empirical and molecular formulae.
Unit - 17 Organic compounds with
functional groups containing halogens.
-
Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Nature of
C-X bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes, nomenclature, physcial
properties, Chemical reactions - with emphasis mechanism of
substitution reactions, difference in relativity of C-X bond in
haloalkanes and haloarenes.
-
Some commercially important compounds
- names and structures of some compounds with simple structures
and their uses.
Unit - 18 Environmental Chemistry:
-
Enviromental pollutants, soil, water and
air pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, kind of smog, major
atmospheric pollutants, acid rain, ozon and its reactions, effects of
the depletion of ozone layer, green house effect and global warming
- industrial air pollution, green chemistry for reducing pollution.
PRACTICALS
SEMESTER - I
-
To obtain the crystals of any one of
inorganic substance of impure sample by crystallization.
Alum, copper sulphate, sodium chloride.
-
It should be included in theoretical
text book.
-
(a) Determination of pH of
solutions of acids and bases having different concentrations by using
pH paper/universal indicators. In place of this experiment in
10th standard, "to determine equivalent weight of magnesium."
(b) This should be included in theoretical
text book. In place of this experiment "To perform experiment of
gas diffusion."
-
To study the changes in equilibrin
during the, reaction taking place between ferric and the thiosulphateion
by deareasing/increasing concentration.
-
To determine the enthalpy of
neutralization between strong acid (HCI) and Strong base (NaOH)
-
(a) To prepare standard normal solution
of Sodium Carbonate and Olalic acid by explaining scientific base by
laboratory teacher.
(b) double titration :
To determine the concentration in terms of
normality and gram/litre of a mixed solution of strong and weak base (
NaOH + Na2 CO3) / KOH + K2 CO3
) by using standard normal solution of HCI.
SEMESTER - II
-
To perform the tests of positive ion
and negative ion in aqueous solution of inorganic soluble substance in
water.
- Positive ions :
Pb2+, Cu2, Sn2,
Fe3+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Ba2+,
Mg2+, NH4+, K+, Na+
Negative ions :
CL-, CO3 2-,
Br-, L-, PO4 2-, Cr2O7
2-, SO4 2-, NO3 -
-
(a) To determine the melting point of
organic solid substance (by using waterbath) (both experiments are to be
included in theoretical text book)
(b) To determine boiling point of organic
liquid (by using waterbath)
-
To detect elements like, Nitrogen,
Sulphur or halogen in organic substance (Lassign test)
-
Both experiments should be included in theoretical
text book.
-
Both experiments should be included in
theoretical.
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