Syllabus of Higher Secondary
Standard 8-9-10
Implemented From June - 2004 in Standard - 8,
Implemented From June - 2005 in Standard - 9,
Implemented From June - 2006 in Standard - 10

Standard 8
Science and Technology

Night, sky, celestial objects - Moon, Planets, Comet, Meteors, Star, Constellation. Solar system, artificial satellites & their uses.

UNIT:2 SOIL

• Types of soil

• Formation of soil

• Layers of soil

• Elements of soil - with plants & animals

• Soil - as a resource

• Soil pollution, salinity their control

UNIT 3: Air

• Atmosphere & atmospheric pressure

• Element of air

• Preparation of Oxygen, Properties & uses

• Uses of Nitrogen - transformation of Nitrogen into Nitrates (Environmental & Biological)

• Causes of air pollution & measures to prevent

• Green house effect - acid rain

UNIT 4: Transformation of substances

• Characteristics of chemical reactions, Origin of gases, colour changes, Energy transformation and changes in their State.

• Purification of substances - distillation.

• Characteristic properties of substances - melting point, boiling point.

• Types of chemical reactions: Neutralization, Oxidation & Reduction

UNIT 5

• Atom - basic elements, characteristics of neutral atom.

• Model of Atom (Particle theory, Dalton, JJ Thomas)

• Structure of Atom - Electron, Proton & neutron.

• Center of Atom - Proton & Neutron on the basis of their no.

• Formation of ions from matter.

• Atomic no., atomic weight, isotopes, chemical formulae of simple compounds simple chemical reactions.

UNIT 6: Metals & Non-metals

• Characteristics

• Sources

• Physical & Chemical Properties.

• Uses of common metals & non-metals

• Displacement of metals by metals (Mg, Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sn, Pb)

• Rare metals & their uses.

• Purity of gold in carats.

• General alloys (only examples) & their uses.

UNIT 7: Carbon

• Carbon in the layers of earth - in atmosphere & living things.

• Allotropy - allotropes of carbon.

• Structure of graphite and diamond, Properties & uses.

• Fullerenes

• Carbon dioxide, Preparation of methane & ethane, properties & uses.

UNIT 8: Layers of cell organization

• Cell & its constituents

• Important organelle & their function.

• Differences between plant cell & animal cell.

UNIT 9: Micro-organisms

• Algae (devoid of chlorophyll)

• Bacteria & views

• Useful & Harmful microorganisms (with examples)

UNIT 10: LIGHT

• Refraction of light by rectangular glass slab & prism.

• Dispersion of light by prism.

• Refractive index.

• Lens: telescope convergence & divergence by concur & commix lanes, focus, focal length & images formed by them'.

• Uses of lens: Magnifying lens, microscope, camera, telescope

• Human Eye - natural lens.

UNIT 11 : Magnetism & Electricity

• Magnetism - lode stone, natural magnefs example, properties of magnet, magnetic needle.

• Electricity current Electric cells.

• Transformation of chemical energy into electric energy, commonly used Electric cells - dry cell, button cell and battery.

• Electric circuit ( switch, bulbs & cell)

• Conductor & Non-conductions of electricity.

• Magnetic effect on passing electricity through conductors & coil of wire.

• Electro magnetism &'their uses.

• Electric bell

• Induced magnetism.

UNIT 12: Sources of Energy

• Energy sources - renewable & non-renewable

• Combustion & ignition

• Types of full - solid fuels (petrol, diesel loosens), gaseous fuel (CNG, LPG)

• Inexhaustible fuels - coal, petroleum, natural gas

• Solar energy, wind energy, water energy, nuclear energy (Description of these energy, their availability & ways to obtain them)

• Bio gas

• Energy for the development of technology

• Changing attire of energy consumption to India.

• Effects of energy uses on environment individually, socially & global environment.

• Judicious use of energy sources, Efficient store, stove & burner, fire fighting.

UNIT 13: Common diseases.

• Diseases caused by micro-organisms -contagious & non-contagious diseases (examples)

• Cholera, Tuberculosis, cold, chicken pox, typhoid, dysentery, intestinal diseases, polio, Rabies Reasons for their course, symptoms of diseases & their preventive measures.

• Vaccination.

UNIT 14: Food Production & Food Management.

• Agriculture, Methods of Agriculture, preparation of land for food production, seed selection, sowing, addition of fertilizers, irrigation, numeral of weeds, protection of crop, harvesting, food storage.

• Crop improvement.

• Dairy industry, poultry, fish industry, agriculture, against diseases animal husbandry & protection.

Standard 9
Science and Technology

Content - Matter

Unit 1:

• Matter - Properties and Behavior

• Measurement in science and technology

• Historical development (short)

• For units (SI units) (international Methods)

Properties of Matter

• Classification of elements, mixtures and compounds on the basis of chemical structure.

• Types of Mixtures.

• Homogeneous and Heterogeneous solutions.

• Molecules and Atoms

• Atomic mass, Molecular mass, Mole concept, law of constant proportion.

• Numerical based on percentage of elements in simple compounds.

• How to determine the formula of an unknown compound. Structure of Atom

• Components of atom - Electron Nucleus (Proton and Neutron)

• Atomic number, Atom mass, Isotopes

• Arrangement of electrons in orbits (upto 20 elements)

• Radioactivity, Radio Isotopes and its use

• Periodical Classification of elements

• Periodical Classification of elements with reference to History (in short)

• According to periodic law, modern periodic table in 18 groups

• Variations of properties in groups and periods

• Metal and Non-metals

• Atomic volume, lonisation, energy and electron affinity

Chemical Bonding

• Formation of Chemical Bond

• Types of Chemical Bond

• Ionic Bond

• Covalent Bond

• Electro negativity*

• Polar Covalent Bond

• Properties of substance containing Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Chemical Reactions

• Formula of simple compounds

• Chemical equations and its balancing

• Types of chemical reactions

• Combination reaction

• Decomposition reaction

• Displacement reaction (single)

• Oxidation and Reduction (on the basis of gain of electrons)

Unit 2:

Motion, Force and Work

• Regular and Irregular motion in living and non-living objects

• Distance and Displacement

• Velocity and Acceleration

• Graph of Distance - Time, Speed - distance

• Derivation of equation of speed by the method of graph

• Uniform Circular motion

Force and Motion

• Newton laws of motion

• Inertia of matter

• Inertia and mass

• Momentum

• Force and Acceleration

• Action and Reaction forces

• Friction

• Factors affecting friction

• Dynamic and rolling friction

• Advantages and disadvantages of friction and examples

• Control of friction

• Push and Pressure

• Archimedes's principles and their uses

• Relative density

Gravitation

• Universal law of Gravitation: Gravitation force of earth

• Effects of Gravitation on planets (in short)

• Gravitational Acceleration, mass and weight

• Free Falling object

• Initial Velocity

Work and Energy

• Work done due to force

• Power and Energy

• Potential and Kinetic Energy

• Transformation of Energy

• Law of Conservation of Energy (example of freefall)

Heat

• Heat and Temperature

• Measurement of Temperature

• Temperature Scales (Celsius and Kelvin)

• Thermometer - Laboratory and Clinical

• Specific Heat

• To calculate loss and gain of heat

• Thermal expansion

• Linear and Volume expansion

• Changes in states

• Latent heat

• Vaporization

• Humidity and Relative humidity

Waves, Motion and Sound

• Motion of Simple pendulum

• Oscillation and waves

• Types of waves

• Transverse and longitudinal waves

• Simple harmonic waves

• Graphical representation of waves

• Crest and Trough

• wavelength

• Frequency and waves velocity

• Propagation of sound

• Ultrasound and their uses

• Sound reflection

• Echo and sonar

Unit 3

Organization in living world

• Cell and cell structure

• Cell organization

• Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

• Functions of organelles

• Cell division: Mitosis and Meiosis

• Tissues: Plant tissues and their function (meristematic and permanent)

• Animal tissues, structure and function (epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous)

Diversity in living world:

• Classification and its importance

• Taxonomy (Plant and animal classification with examples and characteristic)

Food Health and Nutrition:

• Health and its importance (as by WHO)

• Personal and social hygiene

• Necessities for maintaining good health (Nutrition, good habits, exercise, rest)

• Constituents of food (Nutrients their function and source)

• Balanced diet, malnutrition, nutritional deficiency, food adulteration (definition, chemicals

• used for adulteration, their ill effects and test for detections) Quality of potable water

Human diseases

• Diseases: Definition, source and types, contagious and non contagious diseases, modes of transmission on of contagious diseases, symptoms of some diseases: control and treatment of malaria, influenza, cholera, diahorrea, jaundice, rabies, AIDS, T.B.

Deficiency diseases:

• Protein deficiency diseases (Marasmus and Kwashiorkar)

• Vitamin deficiency diseases: scurvy, rickets, beri-beri. Pellagra and Xeropthalmia

• Mineral deficiency diseases: anaernia and goiter

Unit 4

Natural resources

• Air, water, land, minerals, energy, plants, animals, coal and pertroleum

• Coal and petroleum - resources of carbon and carbon compounds

• Coal- destructive distillation of coal

• Petroleum- fractional distillation

• Carbon- catenation-covalent bonding

• Classification of hydrocarbons

• Homologous series

• Isomerism

• Properties and structure of methane, ethene and ethyne.

Food sources and methods of food production.

• Dependence of animals (human beings) on plants and animals for food

• Fertilizers, judicious use of water Modes of irrigation, crop protection- important diseases and their sources, diseases control, scientific methods of food storage, warehouse

• Genetic Engineering (farming), Hybrid Variety by natural and artificial methods

• Animals Hybrid Variety Cattle, Poultry, animal breeding, cattle feeding, rearing, important diseases and protection

Unit 5:

• Our environment: - Habitat and Types of Habitat

• Biosphere: - Biosphere, and Habitat

• Food chain, Food web, tropic level, energy flow, Bio-geo chemical cycle of carbon, nitrogen, air, water, land, ecosystem, types of ecosystem, components of ecosystem, Biodensity and

• Biodiversity and its importance.

Practical

Unit I : Nature and Properties of Matter.

• Preparation of sugar and salt solution with the help of percentage and weight.

• Preparation- of colloidal solutions of sulphur.

• To separate pure chemicals/ substances from mixture..

• To perform and observe following chemical reactions

• Addition of iron nail in aqueous solution of CuSO 4

• Burning of magnesium ribbon in air.

• Reaction of zinc with H 2 so 4

• Heating of NH 4 Cl.

• Reaction between aqueous solution of Na 2 so 4 and BaCl 2

Unit II : Speed, Force & Work

• Find the density of given liquid with the help of, spring balance and measuring cylinder. (except water)

• To find density of solid (heavier than water) with help of spring balance and measuring cylinder.

• To find periodic time for different lengths of simple pendulum and draw the graph L T2

• To verify Archimedes's principle.

• To determine B. P of water and M. P of ice (urea).

• To study change (fall) in temperature of hot water while it cools, plot graph.

Unit III : Organization of living world

• Slide preparation: on plant cell (onion cell), cheek cell, and spirogyra cell slide.

• Mitosis study through permanent slides.

• Study of plant tissues and animal tissues through permanent slides.

• Bio chemical test for starch and protein.

• To find food adulteration in turmeric, chilly, coriander, fennel.

Standard 10
Science and Technology

Chemistry
Topic: Matter.

Unit 1: Chemical Reaction and some important Chemical compounds, Rate of chemical processes & chemical balance.

• Introduction to speed of chemical processes slow & rapid processes, reversible & irreversible processes, chemical balance on the basis of speed, acid & base, Ph scale, transformation of heat during chemical processes.

Some important chemical compounds:

• Preparation of some chemical compounds properties and uses. 

• Wasting soda, baking soda, bleaching powder, plaster of paris.

• Production & properties of some important building materials: cement, lime stone, glass, steel.

Unit 2: Energy

Light: Form of light, Reflection of light - Laws of reflection, reflection by smooth & rough surfaces, mirror- convex & concave formula method. Derivation of formula for mirror, magnification.

Refraction of light:
Laws of refraction, refraction by a rectangular glass slab, Images formed by concave & convex lens, formula of lens, formula method nower of lens, some natural phenomenon of light (twinkling of stars, mirage) defects of eye & their solution.

Optical Instruments: Compound microscope, construction & working of astrologer telescope.

Dispersion : Dispersion of white light by glass prism, construction of white light, colour & pigment of matter, Primary colour of light & pigments,

Electricity & its effects: Potential & Potential difference elective current, ohm's law, combination of series & parallel resistance. Heating effect of electric current & their uses, power, practical unit of electric energy, (Electrochemical effects) Chemical. effects of electric current: Magnetic failed created dire to electric current passing through conductor straight, coil, solenoid Induced Electro magnetism, Electric motor & generator DC & AC currents, domestic electric circuits safety measures to be taken while using electric only.

Energy sources: Renewable & non-renewable energy sources - solar cooke, , solar water hater, solar cell, wind energy, water energy (tide, sea, heat, electricity) geothermal energy, wood, bio gas, hydrogen & alcohol.

Non- renewable sources - Inexhaustible fuel (coal, petroleum & natural gas), conditions of burning, selection of better fuels, efficient use of fuel, nuclear fusion nuclear , chain reaction, nuclear reactor (principle & safety measures) Advantages & hazards of nuclear energy, judicious use of energy. Living World.

Unit 3: Life Processes - 1

• Light: forms of nutrition - autrotrophic method - hetrotophic method, saprophytes Nutrition in plants: Photosynthesis - main stages factors affecting photosynthesis, Nutrition a plants-main stages (Amoeba & locust) digestive system in human.

• Respiration: Respiration - inhalation & exhalation, Respiration in the plants & animals, types of respiration (aerobic, anaerobic) skin, gills, Respiration by respiratory track & lungs (earth worm, fish, locate & man), Respiratory organs in human, structure & their functions.

• Circulation in plants & animals, circulation in plants (water, minerals & food) 

Circulation in human

• Blood - constitution - functions, chatting of blood - pos itive/n egative & blood group.

• Structure & function of heart & blood vessels, circulatory system.

Excretion

• Excretion in animals (amoebae, earth worm)

• Excretion in human - osmo regulation.

Life Processes - 2.

• Symbioses in plants &4animals, onerous system, Hormone regulation. Reproduction.

• Types of reproduction (binary fission, budding and regeneration) Vegetative reproduction in plants (______)

Reproductive cycle in man.

• reproductive cycle in female fertilization propulsion control ? sexual disease.

• Hereditary & Evolution.

• Hereditary & variation, physical basis for hereditary chromosomes (DNA) (preliminary information) genes, sex, determination of sex, preliminary conformation of evolution of life.

• Natural resources.

UNIT 4: Metals and Non-metals:

• Metals: Mineral & over metallurgy concretion of ores, extraction of metals from ores purification & ultra purification, Reactivity series of metals,- salinity & properties of common metal , alloys steel, stainless steel, brass, elements of magnesium, properties & uses, alloying of gold.

• Non -metals- Importance & common properties, preparation of hydrogen, properties uses, production of ammonia (only processes) properties, uses, production of sulfur, properties. 
  -Properties & uses of sulfur dioxide, Production of sulfuric acid (only process), properties, uses.

• Compounds of carbon: functional groups (containing only oxygen) ethyl alcohol preparation, properties and uses, fermentation & its importance, aldehyde & ketone - formaldehyde & Acton preparation, properties & uses, preparation, properties & uses of carboxylic acid, acetic acid, some common artificial polymers, soap & detergent.

UNIT 5: Our environment

• Environment:

• Land breeze, water pollution, accumulation of waste (reasons, measures to control) biodegradable & non-biodegradable elements, environmental balance Inter relationship between _____ ? Maintenance & protection of environment- measure of preservation , Environment protection act.

UNIT 6: Universe

• Space research- solar family - planets meteors, comets , Origin & constitution, stars, constellation high sky, Milky way, galaxy, constitution of universe.

• History of space research: Information about space shuttle, different types of artificial satellites & their classes, uses of artificial satellite - communication, whether, remote sensing, programs seated to space science in India.

Practical

Unit 1 :

1 Chemical processes & some important chemical compounds:

• To find the Ph value of some material , fruit juice with the use of Ph paper,.

• Measurement of changing in temp during chemical reaction ( atleast four reaction to find whether exothermic)

• To identify bleaching powder from the samples given (4 samples)

• To identify wasting soda & sodium bicarbonate from the given samples (4 samples)

• Study of equilibrium with the help of 2 reversible reaction

• Test the following with acid (HCI)
  (1) Litmus solution 
  (2) lead
  (3) sodium carbonate 
  (4) sodium hydroxide

• Test the following with a. base (NaOh)
  1) Litmus solution (red & blue) 
  2) aluminum
  3) HCI

UNIT 2: Energy

• To check the laws of reflection using a plane mirror

• To obtain the image of distant object with a concave mirror & to estimate its focal length.

• To draw the path of ray of light passing through rectangular glass slab and to measure the angle of incidence & angle of reflection.

• To obtain the image of distant object with a convex mirror & to estimate its focal length.

• To draw. the path of ray of light passing through a glass prism & measure the angle of deviation.

• Determination of resistance by studying the relationship between potential difference and the current flowing through resistor.

• Determination of resistant resistance connected in series & parallel.

UNIT 3:

1. Study of stomata in the upper epidermal layer with the help of temporary section of a leaf.

2. ___________________________?

3. Light is necessary for photosynthesis.

4. To show that 02 is released during photosynthesis.

5. To identity the % of observed by dry resin.

6. The experiment to show that Co2 is released during respiration.

7. To show transpiration in plants

8. ____________________________?

UNIT 4:

1. To observe the rest formed on iron &

2. To prepare sulfur dioxide gas & to study two physical & chemical properties.

3. To prepare ammonia gas & to study its two physical & chemical properties.

4. To obtain pure copper from impure copper by Electrolysis.

5. To arrange the metals in the reactivity series by studying the reaction of metals with lid solutions of metals. Mg, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu & Al.

6. To study the physical & chemical properties of acetic acid.

7. To compare three samples of soap on the basis of lather formation.

8. To study soft & hard water on the basis of efficiency of soap in them.

9. To prepare soap by cold method.

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